Conflicts

The Colombian Conflict is a long-running internal armed conflict involving the Colombian state, FARC, ELN, paramilitary groups, criminal economies, rural communities, and later dissident armed structures. It links Cold War insurgency, land inequality, coca and trafficking economies, counterinsurgency, Plan Colombia, paramilitary violence, mass displacement, transitional justice, and the partial peace created by the 2016 accord with FARC. The conflict did not simply end with the FARC peace agreement. One major insurgent actor demobilized, but ELN activity, ex-FARC dissidents, organized crime, territorial competition, and attacks on social leaders kept violence alive in many regions.

The Papua Conflict is a long-running dispute in Indonesia's Papuan provinces, rooted in contested decolonization, Indonesian sovereignty, Papuan self-determination claims, resource politics, racial discrimination, and recurring armed clashes between Indonesian security forces and pro-independence militants. Since the 1960s, the conflict has alternated between political mobilization, low-intensity insurgency, military operations, protest, displacement, and rights advocacy. The conflict links territorial sovereignty, indigenous rights, difficult terrain, limited media access, and humanitarian reporting gaps. It comprises both armed-group incidents and broader civil resistance, and is not a single uniform battlefield.