The DF-31, NATO name CSS-10, is a Chinese road-mobile intercontinental ballistic missile. Its solid-fueled, three-stage design marked an important shift from older liquid-fueled strategic missiles toward a more survivable mobile nuclear deterrent able to disperse during a crisis.
The DF-31 family is associated with road-mobile launchers, canisterized missiles, and multiple variants including DF-31A and DF-31AG. Solid propulsion reduces preparation time compared with liquid-fueled ICBMs, while mobility increases the difficulty of locating and destroying launchers before they can fire.
The DF-31's role is less about matching the throw-weight of heavy silo missiles and more about strengthening second-strike survivability. Mobile ICBMs complicate adversary targeting, support dispersal doctrine, and help China maintain a credible retaliatory option as its strategic arsenal modernizes.
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