Analysis & Reports

Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) launched a large-scale offensive in February 2026, attacking military bases in Makalondi, Niger, and throughout Burkina Faso, resulting in over 120 casualties. Concurrently, the Islamic State in the Sahel Province (ISSP) attacked JNIM positions, killing more than 40 fighters. The offensive highlights the fragmentation of security in the Sahel, as regional military alliances shift and new threats emerge.

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Brazil announced the return of 17 M60A3 tanks to operational service in January 2025, citing modernization delays. Taiwan is upgrading 40 of its M60A3 tanks, while Egypt and Turkey continue to enhance their M60 fleets. The M60A3 remains relevant due to its adaptability and ongoing upgrades, showcasing its effectiveness in various operational contexts.

Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) has significantly expanded its operations in Burkina Faso and surrounding regions, conducting coordinated attacks and establishing a presence in Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria from 2024 to 2026. The Malian Armed Forces have engaged in operations against JNIM, while the Russian Wagner Group's military efforts have proven ineffective, leading to increased violence and instability in the region. The situation reflects a deteriorating security environment in the Sahel.

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The Y-20A tanker aircraft of the Chinese Air Force demonstrated its aerial refueling capabilities during military exercises in Egypt and Singapore from 2025 to 2026. It showcased the 'serpent maneuver' to evade ground-based air defenses while providing support to various aircraft types, including J-10C fighters and MiG-29s. This aircraft significantly enhances the operational range and endurance of the Chinese military's air capabilities.

The Royal Navy operates six Astute-class submarines, but only one is currently combat-ready. HMS Anson was deployed to Australia on January 10, 2026, as part of the AUKUS agreement, which aims to enhance security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. The U.K. plans to replace the Astute-class with 12 next-generation nuclear-powered submarines by the late 2030s, but current operational availability is hampered by maintenance issues.

Israeli Defense Forces conducted an airstrike on Abbas Port in Iran on March 26, 2023, resulting in the deaths of multiple high-ranking officials from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy, including Commander Ali Reza Tangsiri. The strike was executed with intelligence support while Tangsiri was in a meeting with other senior officers.

The Unified Force of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), comprising 6,000 soldiers, was established in December 2025 in Niamey, Niger, to combat escalating violence in the Sahel. The force aims to operate across borders without restrictions, unlike the previous G5 Sahel force. JNIM and ISSP have intensified their attacks, including a significant assault on Niamey's airport, highlighting the urgent need for effective military coordination in the region.

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The Unified Force of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), comprising 6,000 soldiers, was established in December 2025 in Niamey, Niger, to combat escalating violence in the Sahel. The region has seen a dramatic increase in security incidents, with over 9,000 deaths reported in 2025. JNIM and ISSP have intensified their operations, including a notable attack on Niamey's airport. The AES aims for operational autonomy and has diversified its military partnerships, moving away from reliance on France.

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The M48 Patton tank, built by four American factories, saw extensive use in conflicts such as the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War and the Vietnam War. A total of 12,000 units were produced, and while the U.S. Army retired the tank in 1987, it remains in service with eight countries, including Thailand and Morocco. The tank is recognized for its combat performance and historical significance.

On March 26, the Israeli Defense Forces confirmed an airstrike on Abbas Port that killed Iranian Revolutionary Guard Navy Commander Ali Reza Tangsiri and several senior officers during a meeting. Tangsiri had been in command for approximately eight years and was known for orchestrating threats to maritime security in the region.

In March 2026, the U.S. redeployed multiple THAAD launchers from South Korea to the Middle East, raising concerns about its military commitment to the Indo-Pacific. The 2026 National Defense Strategy emphasizes deterrence by denial along the First Island Chain, but the shift has led to questions about U.S. credibility and resource allocation. Allies express anxiety over the implications of U.S. military focus on the Western Hemisphere while demanding increased defense spending from regional partners.

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In February 2026, ECOWAS approved the formation of a new counter-terrorism force comprising 1,650 troops from six West African nations. Concurrently, U.S. troops were deployed in Nigeria to assist in counter-terrorism efforts, marking a significant shift in regional security dynamics. The report emphasizes the challenges faced by ECOWAS in mobilizing resources and the implications of U.S. involvement in the region's security landscape.

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Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy commander Ali Reza Tangsiri was killed in an airstrike at Abbas Port on March 26. He was responsible for blocking the Strait of Hormuz. An Israeli official confirmed the incident, but there has been no response from Iranian authorities.

China has actively participated in UN peacekeeping operations since 1990, deploying over 16,000 personnel across 26 missions. Currently, more than 1,600 Chinese peacekeepers are engaged in stability operations in Lebanon, South Sudan, Abyei, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Chinese military has received widespread praise for its professionalism and efficiency in these missions.

An Iranian military source announced that Iran is prepared to open a new front in the Mandeb Strait if it faces ground or naval attacks. This statement comes amid tensions regarding potential U.S. actions in the region. The Houthi forces are also contemplating support for Iran against perceived threats from the U.S. and Israel.

JNIM controls 60% of Burkina Faso as the AES struggles to counter terrorism. In January 2026, a coordinated attack targeted the Dori Hamani airport and base 101 in Niger, highlighting vulnerabilities in military infrastructure. The AES's joint force of 5,000 soldiers remains largely ineffective, while JNIM's operational sophistication increases, threatening regional stability.

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The 48th Naval Escort Fleet conducted anti-terrorism and anti-piracy exercises in the Gulf of Aden in late March. The exercises included rapid response to a suspected pirate boat, utilizing warships and helicopters to secure a merchant vessel. The fleet aims to improve coordination and emergency response capabilities during their escort missions.

The U.S. and Iran are engaged in intense mutual attacks, with Trump announcing a pause in strikes against Iran's power stations. Diplomatic dialogues are ongoing, but Iran's parliamentary speaker denied any negotiations with the U.S. Meanwhile, Iran has launched attacks against Israel, indicating escalating tensions in the region.

The U.S. Navy is conducting an air campaign against Iran from the Arabian Sea, primarily utilizing the USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) due to the USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) being sidelined by a fire. The campaign is the largest since 2003, with logistical challenges impacting carrier availability. A third carrier, USS George H.W. Bush, is anticipated to join the operation shortly.

In 2026, jihadist groups intensified operations across Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, leading to significant casualties and a deteriorating security situation. The Tillabéri region in Niger became the deadliest area, with over 50 civilian deaths from major attacks. The GSIM executed coordinated assaults in Burkina Faso, showcasing their operational capabilities. Counter-insurgency efforts by state forces have been marked by severe human rights violations.

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