Analysis & Reports

The U.S. Air Force selected the F-22 over the YF-23 on April 23, 1991, due to its lower development risk and demonstrated capabilities. The YF-23, while praised for its stealth and supercruise performance, remained a prototype and never faced production challenges. Its design continues to attract interest for future long-range aviation discussions.

In late June 2026, all five in-service Astute-class submarines of the Royal Navy were tied up alongside at Devonport and not operational. The submarines faced significant logistical challenges, including a lack of available maintenance facilities and personnel, which has severely impacted their readiness. The Royal Navy's focus on maintaining Vanguard-class submarines has further strained the availability of the Astute-class fleet, leading to a prolonged recovery plan.

The F-111 Aardvark, known as 'the Pig', served in multiple military operations from 1964 to 1998, including the Vietnam War, Operation El Dorado Canyon, and Operation Desert Storm. It was recognized for its combat effectiveness, achieving a notable safety record and destroying over 1,500 enemy armored vehicles during the Gulf War. The aircraft was retired from service by the U.S. Air Force in 1998 and by the Royal Australian Air Force in 2010.

The U.S. Navy developed the Seawolf-class submarines to counter advanced Soviet threats during the Cold War. However, budget constraints led to the cancellation of the program in 1995, resulting in only three submarines being completed. The Seawolf-class is recognized for its advanced stealth and weaponry capabilities, making it one of the most formidable attack submarines in the world.

The U.S. Army restarted testing of the 'super cannon' on July 30, 2023, at Yuma, Arizona, repurposing it for hypersonic weapon testing. This system, previously considered impractical, is now being used to simulate and evaluate the effects of hypersonic impacts. The military is facing significant ammunition shortages amid ongoing conflicts, prompting this shift in focus to utilize existing systems for new testing purposes.

The U.S. Department of Defense is drafting a new nuclear strategy that may involve the use of tactical nuclear weapons against China or Russia in regional conflicts. This marks a significant shift from established nuclear policy, raising concerns among critics about the potential for increased nuclear weapon use. The strategy is being revised by Deputy Secretary of Defense Colin Kahl, who advocates for short-range tactical nuclear weapons as a response to regional threats.

Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida reaffirmed Japan's commitment to the 'Three Non-Nuclear Principles' during the Hiroshima memorial ceremony on August 6, 2023. However, his ambiguous statements regarding future nuclear policy have raised concerns about potential military expansion. Additionally, Japan is preparing to send F-2 fighter jets to India for joint exercises, reflecting a shift towards increased military cooperation in the region.

South Korea conducted its first territorial defense exercise of the year near Dokdo on June 6, 2023, involving the Navy, Coast Guard, and Dokdo Guard. This exercise aims to respond to threats against South Korean territory and is characterized as routine, despite Japan's recent territorial claims over Dokdo. The exercise reflects ongoing tensions in the region and has been a regular occurrence since 1986, with variations based on diplomatic relations with Japan.

Ukrainian President Zelensky urged allies to increase the supply of Patriot air defense missiles after Ukraine failed to intercept any missiles during a recent Russian attack on April 4-5. The Ukrainian air defense is facing severe shortages, with supplies down to one-third of last year's levels. Russia is expected to ramp up missile production, posing a significant threat to Ukraine's energy infrastructure as winter approaches.

The SR-71 Blackbird conducted reconnaissance missions over the Korean DMZ from Kadena, capturing enemy movements and providing critical intelligence. It operated at altitudes of 80,000 feet and speeds of Mach 3.55, utilizing its unique design to manage fuel leaks. The aircraft's capabilities allowed it to cover vast areas quickly, significantly aiding military strategic planning.

The U.S. Army awarded contracts to four companies to enhance the production of Hydra-70 rockets and M151 warheads. This initiative aims to boost industrial capacity and competitive pricing, with each vendor expected to deliver 24 prototype warheads within 18 months. The contracts were announced following the Army's push for increased involvement from nontraditional vendors in munitions production amid potential stockpile shortages.

NASA planned a crewed mission to send three astronauts past Venus, scheduled for launch on October 31, 1973. The mission aimed to last 396 days, focusing on long-duration human spaceflight and scientific observations. However, it was ultimately canceled due to budget constraints and changing national priorities.

The Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP), involving Italy, the UK, and Japan, is progressing with secured funding of £4.6 billion. Germany and Saudi Arabia have shown interest in joining the initiative, which aims to develop a sixth-generation fighter jet expected to enter service around 2034. Mitsubishi Electric will contribute by building facilities for electronics and components.

The U.S. Department of Defense implemented a significant organizational reform by replacing program executive officers with Portfolio Acquisition Executives (PAEs) effective July 4, 2025. This change aims to enhance defense acquisition by focusing on capability delivery rather than mere compliance. The PAEs are now responsible for providing top cover for contracting officers and establishing performance metrics to ensure mission success. The success of these reforms hinges on the commitment to protect contracting officers and measure relevant outcomes.

The U.S. Navy plans to develop the Trump-class battleship program, estimated to cost $455 billion for 25 ships, with the USS Defiant projected to take over 8 years to build. The program faces significant political opposition and funding challenges, particularly from Democrats in Congress. The battleships will feature advanced nuclear power and weaponry, but their future is uncertain depending on the political landscape after upcoming elections.

Boeing has secured a $75 million contract for the production of the GBU-75, a jet-powered guided bomb for the U.S. Air Force and Navy. This weapon can fly over 300 nautical miles and is designed to enhance standoff range for naval operations. The first units are set to be delivered to the Navy following successful tests conducted in April off the California coast.

Australia committed to purchasing up to 450 AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missiles for the Royal Australian Air Force, investing approximately $736 million AUD. This acquisition aims to enhance air-to-air capabilities and interoperability with the United States. Additionally, Australia successfully flight tested an indigenous solid rocket motor, marking a significant step in developing its guided weapons capability.

Australia announced its commitment to purchase up to 450 AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missiles for the Royal Australian Air Force, investing approximately $736 million AUD. This acquisition aims to enhance air-to-air capabilities and interoperability with the United States. Additionally, Australia successfully flight tested an indigenous solid rocket motor, marking a significant step towards developing sovereign guided weapons capabilities.

South Korea is initiating a large-scale deployment of unmanned ground vehicles in response to declining military recruitment. This move indicates a strategic shift in the South Korean Armed Forces' approach to modernizing their military capabilities. The focus on unmanned systems highlights the country's efforts to enhance its defense posture amid recruitment challenges.

The Space Force awarded contracts totaling $615 million to three companies, including Rocket Lab, to develop satellites for tracking aircraft. This move aims to diversify capabilities and reduce reliance on SpaceX, which previously received a $4.16 billion contract for similar technology. The contracts reflect a strategic shift in military procurement for airborne moving target indication.